Comparison of Transgender Concept in The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Stone Butch Blues by Leslie Feinberg Free Essay Example, 2500 words

That during the 1980s, and the early 1990s, the transgender people suffered too much discrimination and stigma, that they could not express themselves. It is within this background that the two novels are written. This novel by Feinberg (1) is talking about a butch by the name of Jess Goldberg. A butch is a term that is always used to depict a lesbian or female homosexual. This is an aggressive fellow, who is out to look for her partners in the world of lesbianism. Jess Goldberg was able to face a lot of trials and tribulations, because of her transgender nature. Her parents, as well as the society, did not understand nor respect her sexual status. This is because being a transgender, i. a lesbian was unacceptable before the society, and hence the community in which she was living, could not accept her. This novel was published in 1993, and it received popularity in the world of the transgender people, before receiving success in the mainstream literature. Trodd (16) explains that t he major reason as to why the novel tool sometime, before being accepted at the mainstream literature is because it was talking about lesbianism, and the author was supporting the existence of this act of lesbianism. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Transgender Concept in The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Stone Butch Blues by Leslie Feinberg or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Motivation Leads to Behavior, Consequences, and Go

Motivation Motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning â€Å"to move.† It is â€Å"the tendency for the direction and selectivity of behavior to be controlled by its connections to consequences, and the tendency of this behavior to persist until a goal is achieved.† (Anshel, 1948) An athlete with motivation is energized to participate in a purposeful and meaningful task. Motivation is fueled by motives, which are an individual’s anticipation of reaching a goal. The purpose of motivation is to prolong desirable feelings and actions of athletes. (Straub, 1984) Athletes are motivated because they want to improve their performance in a sport. Athletes can improve their motivation by engaging in activities that they find pleasant and have†¦show more content†¦(Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1995) An athlete becomes determined to earn external rewards, rather than satisfy their internal drive for the sport. Typically, an athlete begins their sp ort for intrinsic reasons. Athletes love their sport and want to compete and improve because they feel pleasure when they succeed. When they begin to receive external rewards the intrinsic motivation decreases. If the extrinsic rewards stop, an athlete typically does not see any reason to continue competing. Amotivation The last type of motivation in the brain, Amotivation, occurs when an athlete no longer wants to compete. Typically these athletes only continue to compete because they feel they are trapped and cannot escape. They experience feelings of incompetence and lack of control over their life. These athletes have neither intrinsic motivation no extrinsic motivation. (Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1995) They can no longer find a good reason for continuing to train and compete. Usually these athletes stop playing their sport because they feel no need to continue. This lack of motivation causes many athletes to quit their sport at young ages. Amotivation can occur when an athlete experiences failure that is out of his control. This failure makes the athlete begin to feel helpless, which lowers their intrinsic motivation. (Anshel, 1948) Also, many people who do not participate in sports lack motivation allShow MoreRelatedMotivation : Motivation And Motivation1216 Words   |  5 PagesOveral l, motivation is, â€Å"the general desire or willingness of someone to do something† (Oxford Dictionaries). For me, motivation plays a significant role in accomplishing goals, working harder, and being successful. Internal and external forces also have a powerful impact on my motivation. I discovered that my motivation stems from both internal and external forces equally. However, sometimes motivation is lacking when doing something unpleasant or undesirable, such as writing an essay. ThankfullyRead More Is Financial Compensation Beneficial Or Detrimental In An Empowerment1359 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation, the right tools and the authority that they need. It is thought that by giving the employee increased power and responsibility that the employee will have increased motivation. Organisations have developed a number of new programs in which it is hoped that employees will have empowerment and so increased motivation. What is an Empowerment Program ? There are six different forms of empowerment programs. i.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pay for Performance. This gives employees rewards inRead MoreComparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinners Behaviorist Theory1587 Words   |  7 PagesProper APA Fifth Edition Formatting Deborah DiBerardino Grand Canyon University: Educational Psychology EDU 313N Amy Wilkinson August 5, 2012 Comparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinners Behaviorist Theory The definition of motivation according to Dictionary.com is: â€Å"The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way; the general desire or willingness of someone to do something.† Where it gets confusing is in the reason for behaving a certain way. WhatRead MoreDeontology Theory : Ethics And Moral Reasoning1137 Words   |  5 Pagestheory-Immoral/moral behavior Jeann Henry PHI208: Ethics and Moral Reasoning (ACQ1519B) Instructor: Julie Pedersen May 21, 2015 â€Æ' Is it right for our society to be held for immoral behavior when it is already being displayed in our society and within the cultural areas in our lives? Right or wrong ways are always among our society, and when we are dealing with an ethical theory deontology system seems more established. This ethics theory, conducts a matter of right and wrong. This indicates our behavior, whetherRead MoreMotivational Theories and Factors863 Words   |  4 PagesMotivational Theories and Factors According to DuBrin, â€Å"†¦motivation is an energizing force that stimulates arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior† (2004, p. 121). It is the force inside the individual and process which allows us to get others to put forth effort. There are many motivational theories that can be used to motivate others (DuBrin, 2004). In the workplace, managers may need to find ways to motivate their employees. Three ways a manager might motivate their employees are: SettingRead MoreBehavioral Case Study1651 Words   |  7 Pagesof Carol’s negative behaviors is her constant talking out of turn. Since Carol continues the behavior despite being repeatedly corrected, I feel it is very possible that she is talking out of turn as a way to receive attention. This behavior can be explained by Dreikurs’ behavioral goals which states that most misbehavior is for attention (â€Å"Reasons for Student,† 2003). The students who strive for attention will do just about anything to receive it, without regard to what behavior is acceptable (â€Å"ReasonsRead MoreSynthesis Paper : Leadership And Leadership1361 Words   |  6 Pagestimes it is also contingent upon the framework of leadership. This simply suggests that dissimilar leadership styles are applicable in different situations. In order to be effectiv e, one must possess an array of skills, influence, traits, behaviors, values, motivation and relationships with followers. Effectiveness of leadership is also the result of the mind, body, soul and spirit coming together to be a visionary, passionate, flexible, inspiring, innovative, courageous, experimental, and initiate changeRead MoreGay Men Experience Higher Rates Of Alcoholism And Addiction Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pagesthe cultural nuances that define gay men will assist in the design and implementation of effective interventions. Furthermore, special attention to ethical issues surrounding the simultaneous treatment of both addiction and HIV/AIDS in gay men may lead to more holistic, solution-focused treatments for both of these complex and chronic conditions. Best Practices in Addiction Treatment: Alcoholism and Gay Men â€Å"It is not that something different is seen, but that one sees differently. It is as thoughRead MoreComplex Performance Related Tasks Are Ideal Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesgoal setting compared to distal, often leads to higher success rate especially when associated with goals that are relatively complex (Latham Seijts, 1999). The social cognitive theory has been contributed to the work of Albert Badura, who recognized that cognitive learning is a key aspect that separates humans from other forms of life. This phenomenological approach analyzes the understanding and changing behavior in people, through observations, motivation, past experiences, and cognition. TheRead MoreSubstance Use Disorder, Misuse, And Dependence Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience numerous social, economic, physical, and legal consequences, for example, truncated development (Newcomb and Bentler, 1988b). Substance use–related disorders are associated with such problems as poor academi c performance, job instability, teen pregnancy, and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Crimes such as stealing, vandalism, and violence are associated with â€Å"heavy drug use† in adolescence. Adverse immediate consequences occur (e.g., overdoses and accidents). Also, drug-using

Modern Democracy Essay - 2092 Words

In 1947, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Sir Winston Churchill, articulated a scathing opinion of the global political spectrum in the post-war era after witnessing the fall of European fascism in Germany and Italy as well as the impending rise of communism. He remarked, â€Å"It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried.† This essay agrees vehemently with Churchill’s assertion that democracy – for all of its faults – was, and still is, the world’s preeminent form of government when compared with all other alternatives, notably fascism and communism. By analyzing modern democracy in theory and in practice, this paper elucidates how democracy is at an intrinsic advantage in†¦show more content†¦This parallel growth is due to the fact that democracy is inherently malleable, which allows it to be altered to best serve the needs of the people. A level of guaranteed individu al freedom which was not necessary in antiquity is now required by humanity because of changes in progressive social views, technology, and the division of labor. For example, the abolition of slavery has had a measurable affect on modernity’s opinion of human rights. Professor Jeffrey Kopstein of the University of Toronto identifies the difference between modern and ancient liberties as an issue of â€Å"freedom to vs. freedom from†. Modern democracies guarantee individuals’ freedom from oppression, under the government or other individuals, which allows for the freedom of mobility. The modern citizen is entitled to, The right†¦to express his opinion, choose a profession and practice it, dispose of his own property and even to misuse it; the right to come and go without permission, and without explaining what one is doing or why; the right of each person to associate with other individuals – whether to discuss their interests, or join in worship, or simply to fill the time in any way that suits his fancy; and each person’s right to have some influence on the administration of the government – by electing all or some of the officials, or though representations, petitions, or demands that the authorities are more or less obliged to take into consideration. (Constant 2)Show MoreRelatedModern Society : Democracy And The Modernization Theory1414 Words   |  6 PagesIn modern society reaching democracy is a number one goal for many states. They like to reach it for plenty of reasons, civil and economic. First of all democracy is associated with wealth, a good material situat ion, and economic growth. We can clearly see it on example of The United States or large European democracies such as Germany or France. It is also believed that democratization brings high living standards, peaceful environment and overall happiness to the state; and The United States andRead Moreâ€Å"A written constitution, rather than gradual reform, is now essential for the UK to claim to be a modern democracy.†1246 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A written constitution, rather than gradual reform, is now essential for the UK to claim to be a modern democracy.† This essay will look at how a written constitution, according to some, would make Britain a modern democracy and it is therefore essential that the meaning of this phrase is fully understood before it can be explored in sufficient depth. A written constitution would outline the structures and powers of government in broad terms and the relationship betweenRead MoreThe American Constitution, A Staple Of Modern Democracy.2043 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Constitution, a staple of modern democracy. The shining jewel of how a country is supposed to be run effectively. In the 220+ years that this country has been founded, the powers of the federal government have grown exponentially. The Framers, influential white men from the original 13 colonies(minus Rhode Island), consisted of those who wanted a strong central government and those for strong state rights. Together, through a series of compromises, the Framers created the original unamendRead MoreThe Differences and Similarities in Ancient Athenian Democracy and Modern New Zealand Democracy.2292 Words   |  10 PagesAthenian Democracy and Modern New Zealand democracies This essay will explain the themes and patterns of ancient Athenian democracy and modern New Zealand democracy, their similarities and differences, cultural expectations and codes of behaviour. Greek civilizations thrived for almost 1300 years ago. Ancient Greeks lived in Greece and countries we now call Turkey and Bulgaria. They became very powerful they were the most powerful between 2000 BC and 146 BC. One king or monarch did not rule ancientRead MoreThomas Jefferson s Influence On Modern Day Democracy1616 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson’s Influence on Modern Day Democracy and Racism Thomas Jefferson created two facades when it came to racism and slavery. Thomas Jefferson had a personal history with slavery and owning a plantation, but in certain instances he appeared to support equality like in his letter to Benjamin Banneker. Different texts like Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson with the related documents edited by David Waldstreicher, and Banneker and Jefferson Letter Exchange are examples ofRead MoreDemocracy And Its Effect On Democracy894 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy in its most basic form is a type of governing system ruled by the citizens of a particular society. The first form of democracy can be found in ancient Greece, and the modern form of Democracy was established in part by the French revolution because it brought back the idea of rule by the people. Although, for most of history democracy was not viewed in a positive light. According to Mintz, Close, and Croci many people feared democracy because they thought the masses would n ot act withRead More Democracy: An Analysis Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesonce remarked that â€Å"democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried†. In agreement with his statement, this paper will examine the problems of democratic governments using specific examples, and compare it to the failure of fascist governments in Nazi Germany and Italy and communist governments in the Soviet Union and China. Theoretically, democracy is a stable form of government where power is in the hands of the people. In a democracy, people have the libertyRead MoreAncient Greek Influences Essay886 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluential societies on modern day life. Ancient Greece has inspired the modern world in five main areas: theatre, government, philosophy, art, and architecture. Theatre flourished in Greece, particularly in Athens, between c. 550 BC and c. 220 BC. During its beginnings theatrical performances were part of Dionysia, a festival held in honour of the god Dionysus. The plot of the plays was always inspired by Greek mythology, a theme that is still common today. Many modern plays and movies have beenRead MoreWhat Extent Do Liberals Support Democracy712 Words   |  3 PagesTo what extent do liberals support democracy (45 marks) Democracy is the ultimate political form of ideological liberalism. It refers to the ideal form of state, and is common to both classical and modern liberals. In the 19th century, liberals often saw democracy as threatening or dangerous. Political theorists such as Plato and Aristotle viewed democracy as being a system of rule at the expense of wisdom and property. The principle that the will of the majority should prevail over the minorityRead MoreDemocracy Outlined by Plato and Aristotle Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesstate or polis in all of Greece. This formation of Athenian ‘democracy’ holds the main principle that citizens should enjoy political equality in order to be free to rule and be ruled in turn. The word ‘democracy’ originates from the Greek words demos (meaning people) and kratos (meaning power) therefore demokratia means â€Å"the power of the people.† The famous funeral speech of Pericles states that â€Å"Our constitution is called democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole

Caryl Churchill (1686 words) Essay Example For Students

Caryl Churchill (1686 words) Essay Caryl ChurchillWho is she and where did she come from? Caryl Churchill is one of Englands mostpremier female, post-modern playwrights. She has strived throughout her careeras theatrical personality to make the world question roles, stereotypes andissues that are dealt with everyday, like, violence, and political and sexualoppression. She has been part of many facets of performance throughout heralmost sixty year career. Not only has she been a strong force on the stage, buthas also had strong influences with radio and television. She is truly atalented woman dabbling in not only a Brechtian style of theatre that has beencommented on time and time again, but also musicals of a sort. Churchill wasborn in London on September 3, 1938. She lived in England until the age of tenwhen her family moved to Canada. There she attended Trafalgar School in Montrealuntil 1955. At this time she moved back to England to attend Lady Margaret Hall,Oxford University. This is the key place that her career began. While studyingEnglish at Oxford she took an interest in theatre. She wrote her first threeplays while at the university. Where has she been? Radio plays When her careerin theatre and performance started at Oxford she began the first phase in hercareer. She was very focused on sounds and voice. Her first three plays,Downstairs, 1958; Youve No Need to be Frightened, 1959; and Having a WonderfulTime, 1959. All three of these plays, extremely focused on sound, propelled hercareer into radio. For the next ten years she concentrated her energy solely onradio plays, starting off with The Ants, which she, herself, thought of itas a TV play, but my agent Margaret Ramsey sensibly sent it to radio(Kritzner16). This focal point gave her many advantages in this time in hercareer. Most important, of course, was its openness to new playwrights. Inaddition, it offered an unusual freedom in that it placed few limits onlengthFinally, radio had already proved its potential for serious drama(Kr itzner 16). During the time of her writing for the theatre and hersounds phase, she was looking outward, investigating new places forher to take her art. She wrote a few stage plays during her radio stint, none ofthem being produced. She re-wrote some of her radio plays and eight of them wereproduced between the years of 1962 and 1973. She then moved on to televisionplays. She became very unsatisfied with it very quickly, commenting thatTelevisionattracts me very much lessIt has the attraction of a largeaudiences and being the ordinary peoples medium and not being the sort ofeffete cultural thing that no one ever pays any attention to anyway. But as anactual medium, as a physical thing that happens, I dont find it anything likeas exciting myself as the stage. I do like things that actually happen. (Kritzner45). It was then time for her to make a change. Stage plays After a dozen yearsof writing primarily for the radio, Churchill finally made her move to themainstage. She wrote Owner s for Micheal Codron. The play was produced by theRoyal Court Theatre in 1972. Her career went uphill from there. She becameassociated with a sphere of the sometimes conflict-ridden but alwayspolitically daring and artistically committed theatre often referred to simplyas the Court (Kritzner 61). Churchills reputation became paired with theRoyal Court. She became the first female resident dramatist, and later help withthe Young Writers Group program. During her time at the Royal Court she wrotemany plays, still focusing a great deal on sound and voice. At the same time asshe held position of resident dramatist, she also worked at other theatres andwith other groups. She founded the Theatre Writers Group, now known as theTheatre Writers Union, and had works produced by Joint Stock Theatre Group andMonstrous Regiment. Historical plays During her previous playwriting time shehad been very centered in time around her present. Starting a new phase in hercareer in the mid-1970s, she began to look at history and place her plots inappropriate time frames to make her objective, within each play, more vivid. Evil in Women and its Effect on Macbeth EssayOnce again it takes the role of a dramatic device to further the action and thethoughts of the audience. The characters, without Clive, in the second act tryto find out their own roles pertaining to themselves instead of dependent on aWhite, male figure telling them who they are.. This play is steeped withqualities and devices that help Churchills point ring with clarity. Where didshe go? Revisiting the Past After the acclaim of Cloud Nine Churchill made yetanother change to her style. She became focused on a broader range, dealing nowwith social critique instead of the feminist-socialist approach of earlier inher career. Her works during this phase, namely Top Girls, Fen, and SeriousMoney, showed her revisiting past personal styles and revising them. It showedher extracting elements from both the epic and personal areas of theatre,reshaping traditional devices, and melding all of these factors into a trulyoriginal style (Kritzner 138). These plays tend to have a lesser approachof optimism than those previous in her career, but she continues to question theset up of society. Revising Myth Revision of myth, as I have found, is a typicalelement in most feminist writings. The analysis and re-analysis of theconstruction of modern day thought is a device widely used. This was Churchillsnext implement. She wrote A Mouthful of Birds and Ice Cream under this style. Alicia Ostriker, a writer of mythical poetry, wrote that there are three mainreasons why women writers go towards the mythological side of life. to betaken seriously as a writer, to get at something very deep in herself, and torelease an imprisoned meaning not yet discovered in the previous versions of themyth (Kritzner 172). As far as many critics have found, this showsChurchills renewal of interest in the combination of personal experience andpolitical analysis and the knowledge of there inseparability of reason andemotion (Kritzner 172). Now Since her last known movementChurchill is still writing plays and changing her style. She has writtenmusicals and many plays with two unrelated acts that somehow are intertwined. She continues to question society with such works as Blue Heart, Hotel, and HotFudge. BibliographyAsahina, Robert. The Hudson Review, XXXIV 1981. Churchill, Caryl. Cloud Nine. Pluto Press, Ltd. London, 1979. Kritzner, Amelia Howe. The Plays of CarylChurchill. St. Martins Press, NY, 1991. Wandor, Michelene. FreeCollective Bargaining, Time Out, 30. March-4 April 1979.

Principles of Statutory Interpretation

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Statutory Interpretation. Answer: Introduction: In this case, the issue before the Federal Court of Australia was to review the decision delivered by the Migration Review Tribunal. It was the finding of the Tribunal that it did not have the jurisdiction as the review application has been filed late by the applicant. The court also had to decide if the Minister's department had properly notified the applicant regarding the delegate's decision. In this case, the applicant had provided an incomplete residential and postal address while making his visa application. However subsequently, the applicant provided a document to the department in which his complete address, residential as well as postal, was set out. However the department failed to use this address. Under these circumstances, the Court was of the view that the Migration Review Tribunal's decision should be quashed and the Tribunal should re-determine the application made by the applicant in accordance with law. In this case, Mr. Yelaswarapu made an application for a Student (Temporary) Visa online. While answering the questions mentioned in the online form, he provided a purported postal address which was also his purported residential address. In the decision made by the delegate of the minister, it was decided to refuse granting the visa to Mr. Yelaswarapu. The delegate was of the opinion that evidence was not present to support the fact that Mr. Yelaswarapu had maintained enrollment in an appropriate full-time course as required for the grant of visa and he also failed to fulfill condition 8516 and regulation 573.235, migration regulations, 1994. This decision of the delegate was sent to Mr. Yelaswarapu through registered post at the purported residential and postal address of the applicant in Westmead under cover of a letter on 7 December 2011. However the Department of Immigration and Citizenship got back the letter On 14 December 2011 with a note in which it was mentioned, RTS Insufficient Address. The delegate's decision was resent by the department through registered post on 22 December 2011 to another address on Everton Road, Strathfield. However the department got back the letter and a box was ticked according to which the item was not claimed. Under the circumstances, an e-mail was sent by the department to Mr. Yelaswarapu in which it was mentioned that the visa application of Mr. Yelaswarapu had been assessed and finalized by the Department. It was also mentioned in the e-mail that as a result of an administrative error, the decision letter was also forward it to the address on Everton Road and it asked for an update d postal address. In reply to this e-mail, the department got an e-mail from Mr. Yelaswarapu in which it was as bad the letter should be forwarded to the address on Baresford Road, Strathfield. As a result, the department sent a letter to this address and after some time it got an application to review the decision made by the delegate. Thereafter, the Tribunal wrote a letter to Mr. Yelaswarapu inviting him to comment on the validity of his application. It was indicated in this letter that the Tribunal held a preliminary view according to which the application has not been lodged by Mr. Yelaswarapu within the prescribed time limit, which was 21 days from which he can be considered to have been notified regarding the decision of the delegate. In return, a fax was received by the Tribunal in which a migration agent was appointed by Mr. Yelaswarapu and he also expressed surprise that when the department had received back the notification letter, why Mr. Yelaswarapu was not contacted th rough e-mail or on his telephone. Under these circumstances, the Tribunal reached at the decision that it did not have the jurisdiction. The fact was noted by the Tribunal that the applicant had to provide contact details to the Department so that the department could contact Mr.Yelaswarapu and give them the notice regarding decision and other matters regarding which the department is under an obligation to inform the applicant. The Tribunal also noted that the responsibility was imposed on the applicant to make sure that the information provided by him is correct and similarly, multiple contact details are given to the department, but the department is not under an obligation to send notifications through all the methods. While arriving at the decision regarding the fact that MRT had the jurisdiction to deal with the matter, the Court was of the opinion that the visa application that had been made by Mr. Yelaswarapu online was not a valid application until an identifiable residential address was provided by him. He did so when he gave a copy of his health insurance policy to the Department. Further, the court stated that if the Department of the minister had decided to correspond with the applicant to an address that is insufficient for making a valid visa application, instead of the other address that was available with the department to be used for the purpose of correspondence, it can be said that the Department failed to comply with the notification requirements. The court also rejected the submission of the Minister that the first purported notification regarding the decision of the delegate was a valid notice for the purpose of section 66(1), Migration Act. As is the case with the Tribunal, the Minister's Department also had the requirement to make obvious inquiries regarding a critical threat that can be made easily. When the Department received back the first notification letter with comments that it was insufficiently addressed, the department tried to find an alternative address from the Education Department and later on, by contacting the applicant. However it could have been simpler for the department to simply look into its own files for the obviously missing unit number but it was not done. Therefore, the Court stated that an error had been made by the minister's delegate when the applicant was not notified regarding the decision on his complete residential address, that was available on the files of the department. What principles of statutory interpretation (if any) were utilized by the Federal Court in this case? Statutory interpretation can be described as the process that is used for interpreting and applying the various laws to decide the cases. Integration is required when subtle or ambiguous aspects of a particular statute are involved in the case. Generally the words used in the statute have a straightforward and a plain meaning but sometimes, it is possible to have some vagueness or ambiguity in the words used in the statute that has to be resolved by the court. Such vagueness or ambiguity in the legislation is the basic nature of language. Hence it is not always possible to transform the intention of the legislature exactly in the written words. Some of the significant rules of statutory interpretation are the:- Literal Rule: According to this rule, the statute has to be interpreted with the help of the ordinary meaning of the language used in the statute, unless some of the terms have been explicitly defined by the statute as otherwise. Mischief Rule: under this rule, efforts are mad e to decide the intention of the legislators. The role was created in the 16th century case in UK and the purpose of this rule is to decide the mischief and defect that the statute in question tries to remedy. The third primary rule of statutory interpretation is the golden rule. It can be described as a compromise between the literal rule (that is in favor of plain meaning) and the mischief rule. Therefore, like the literal rule, this rule also gives plain and ordinary meaning to the words of the statute. But if doing so may result in an irrational result that was not the intention of the legislature, the rule allows the judge to depart from such a meaning. In the present case, the court considered the words used in regulation 2.07, Migration Regulations and arrived at the conclusion that the application made by Mr. Yelaswarapu was not a valid application as there was no complete residential address on which he may be contacted. Bibliography Einer Elhauge (2008) Statutory Default Rules: How to Interpret Unclear Legislation. Harvard University Press, p. 148 Garner, Bryan A.. Ed. (1999) Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing. p.602 Antonin Scalia and Bryan A. Garne (2012) Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts Singh v Minister for Immigration [2011] FCAFC 27 Smith vs. Hughes [1960] 2 All E.R. 859 Xie v Minister for Immigration [2005] FCAFC 172 Zhang v Minister for Immigration [2007] FCAFC 151exts